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Sports Medicine: High School Drug-Testing Programs: August 2003

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Contact: Bob Colgate

The National Federation of State High School Associations | The National Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association | The National Center for Drug Free Sport, Inc.

13 Percent of High Schools Have Drug-Testing Policy


INDIANAPOLIS, IN ( September 2, 2003) - About 13 percent of the nation's high schools have a drug-testing policy in place to test students for illegal or prohibited substances, according to a survey of high school athletic directors this summer.

The online survey was conducted jointly by the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), the National Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association (NIAAA) and the National Center for Drug Free Sport, Inc. A total of 861 athletic directors completed the survey.

Of the schools that have a drug-testing policy in place, 63 percent test student-athletes, while 20 percent test all students in the school. The testing is mandatory in 82 percent of the schools, and the method of testing is done randomly in 76 percent of the schools.

With regard to the types of drugs for which schools test, marijuana heads the list with testing by 95 percent of the schools, followed by cocaine (86 percent), amphetamine/methamphetamine (85 percent), opiates (67 percent), PCP (63 percent) and alcohol (62 percent).

When a student tests positive for a drug, 98 percent of the schools with a drug-testing policy notify the student's parents, 92 percent require some type of counseling or rehabilitation and, in 83 percent of the schools, the student is suspended from the sport or activity.

In addition to the 13 percent of the schools that currently have a drug-testing program in place, another 17 percent indicated that they were interested in pursuing one. The most common reasons given for not starting a drug-testing program were budget constraints (54 percent), lack of school board approval (51 percent) and legal concerns (50 percent).

Jerry Diehl, NFHS assistant director and liaison to the NFHS Sports Medicine Advisory Committee, said he believes there are other factors as to why a large majority of schools are not involved in drug testing.

"Although many schools have difficulty admitting that performance-enhancing supplements, as well as illicit drugs, are entering their programs, they continually look for ways to deter such use," Diehl said. "I believe the majority of high school administrators believe the money devoted to education is better spent than the money necessary for drug testing. In many instances, the amount of funding it takes for testing and rehabilitation exceeds what it takes for education and prevention. This education molds a long-term healthy lifestyle rather than punitive measures that, many times, have little or no effect on the individual."

The survey indicated that the high school principal, not the athletic director, is most often in charge of the school's drug-prevention or drug-testing program. Fifty-four percent of the respondents indicated that the principal oversees the program, followed by the athletic director (33 percent), superintendent (25 percent) and athletic trainer (nine percent).

More than 80 percent of those schools with a drug-testing policy indicated that they review their policy annually and disseminate the policy annually to all students participating in the testing. In addition, 79 percent of schools have students sign drug-testing consent forms annually.

"A written drug-testing policy requires a clear explanation of the purpose of the program, the goals behind the monitoring of students' substance use, and the regulations and procedures involved," said Frank Uryasz, president of the National Center for Drug Free Sport. "Fortunately, 86 percent of high schools that drug test review and update their written policy annually. The survey also showed that 85 percent of schools present drug and alcohol education activities for their students as part of the regular curriculum, while 13 percent provide education outside the classroom. This survey provides valuable information regarding the extent of high school drug testing. Further, these data can be used as a point from which to measure any changes in the extent or nature of high school drug testing."

For information concerning drug-testing programs, contact Frank Uryasz, National Center for Drug Free Sport, 816-474-8655 (www.drugfreesport.com).

The complete drug-testing survey of athletic directors follows:
  1. Does your school have a student drug-testing policy?
YES 111 13%
NO 735 85%
NO RESPONSE 15 2%
TOTAL 861


2. Is your student drug-testing policy reviewed annually?
YES 95 86%
NO 16 14%
TOTAL 111

3. Is the policy annually disseminated to all students participating in drug testing?
YES 93 84%
NO 18 16%
TOTAL 111

4. Do participating students (and parents/guardians) sign drug-testing consent forms annually?
YES 88 79%
NO 23 21%
TOTAL 111

5. What sanctions/actions are applied for a positive drug test?*
Parental Notification 109 98%
Intervention/counseling/rehabilitation 102 92%
Lost competition or practice penalties 90 81%
Suspension from extracurricular sport or driving 92 83%

6. How does your school provide drug and alcohol education programs/activities for students?
Part of the curriculum 731 85%
Outside the classroom 103 13%
No response 27 3%
Total 861

7. Does your school perform student drug testing?
YES 107 12%
NO 726 84%
NO RESPONSE 28 3%
TOTAL 861

8. Is the drug-testing program mandatory or voluntary for participating students?
Mandatory 88 82%
Voluntary 17 16%
No response 2 2%
Total 107

9. Which of the following student groups participate in your school's drug-testing program?*
All students 21 20%
Student-athletes 67 63%
Students participating in school-sponsored extracurricular activities 42 39%
Students who drive to school 16 15%

10. How many drug tests do you perform annually?
50 or fewer 25 23%
51-100 19 18%
101-250 33 31%
251-500 15 14%
501-750 3 3%
751-1,000 4 4%
Over 1,000 4 4%
No response 4 4%
Total 107

11. What types of drug testing or methods of selection do you perform?*
Random 81 76%
Reasonable suspicion or probable cause 58 54%
Preseason 18 17%

12. What drug-testing methods do you use?*
Urine specimens analyzed at laboratory 83 78%
On-site urine screening devices 25 23%
On-site oral fluid screening 7 7%
Hair specimens analyzed at laboratory 6 6%

13. How do you administer specimen collections?
Outsourced to drug-testing company or laboratory 63 59%
Performed by school staff 43 40%
No response 1 1%
Total 107

14. From the list below, check all drugs that you currently test for.*
Marijuana 102 95%
Ecstasy 37 35%
Cocaine 92 86%
Ephedrine 34 32%
Alcohol 62 58%
Tobacco/Nicotine 28 26%
Anabolic Steroids 31 29%
Opiates 72 67%
PCP 67 63%
Amphetamine/Methamphetamine 91 85%

15. From the list below, check all drugs that you would like to test for.*
Marijuana 489 57%
Ecstasy 363 42%
Cocaine 393 46%
Ephedrine 324 38%
Alcohol 438 51%
Tobacco/Nicotine 329 38%
Anabolic Steroids 422 49%
Opiates 263 31%
PCP 282 33%
Amphetamine/Methamphetamine 401 47%

16. Who oversees your school's drug prevention, education and/or testing program?*
Superintendent 211 25%
Principal 467 54%
Director of Athletics 284 33%
Athletic Trainer 80 9%

17. If your school does not drug test, why not?*
Budget constraints 393 54%
Lack school board approval 368 51%
Lack parent approval 235 32%
Legal concerns 361 50%
Not a concern with drug use/abuse 96 13%
Interested and pursuing a program now 120 17%

*Question might have more than one answer.

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